Neurobiological Origins and Treatment of ADHD in Youth

Karolina Dzioba

ABSTRACT

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Symptoms such as these commonly surface during early stages of youth or adolescence, and frequently persist into adulthood. This literature review integrates current research on the complex roots of ADHD, surrounding neurological, genetic, and environmental components. Understanding these roots is critical for advancing treatment strategies, as it allows for more targeted and effective interventions that address the underlying mechanisms of ADHD. It highlights how these aspects contribute to abnormalities in typical brain development, particularly in areas related to inhibition, attention, and reward processing. Key neurological irregularities, including decreased prefrontal cortex volume, impaired connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and striatum, and reduced amygdala and hippocampal volumes, are examined to clarify their roles in the disorder’s symptoms. Treatments for ADHD include both pharmacological options, such as stimulants and non-stimulants, and non-pharmacological alternatives, like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), neurofeedback, and other interventions are discussed in detail. 

Keywords: ADHD, neurodevelopmental, behavior, adolescence, brain connectivity, inattention, hyperactivity.

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